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The Secret Life of Plants, Part II: Exploring Plant Sentience
In the quiet laboratory of Cleve Backster on a February morning in 1966, an unexpected discovery would challenge our understanding of plant life forever. Backster, a polygraph expert with years of experience reading the subtle physiological changes that might indicate deception in humans, casually attached the electrodes of his lie detector to the leaf of…
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The Scientific Evolution of Permaculture, The Forest Pharmacy, and Medical Herbalism
Origins in Systems Science and Ecological Observation The story of permaculture begins not as a sudden invention but as a scientific response to the growing recognition of ecological crisis. In the early 1970s, two ecologists in Tasmania, Australia—Bill Mollison and David Holmgren—began systematically observing how natural ecosystems maintained resilience, productivity, and sustainability without human intervention.…